Trends in modernization of business processes of the organization are discussed. Modernization is imperative in today’s innovation society because evolution of management systems has come to a period of flexible emergency decisions. The process management approach has already been adopted by a majority of companies. However, the choice of business process elements and their automation will not bring expected benefits till mechanisms of effective control over these elements are identified. The purpose of business process modernization is to transform the enterprise in such a way that information age and ideology control requirements realized through the process approach are met.

Economic notion «cluster» implies a group of technologically linked companies mutually using their resources to develop and produce competitive products. First Russian innovative infrastructure elements are Business-incubators, Scientific and Technological Centers under higher schools,
Technical Parks under major state research centers and Technology Transfer Centers. Decisively important for the development of RF regions are Innovative Technological Clusters (ITC) and cluster groups. ITC structural scheme is recommended. ITC will successfully function provided they are
formed under certain geographical, economical and institutional conditions. Purpose-aimed cluster development program, legal instruments and investment fund with state participation should be created.

Kazakhstan is one of world largest oil extracting countries. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan oil refineries prefer to use Russian crude oil. This situation results from the fact that oil exported from Russia to Kazakhstan has for many years been imposed with zero export tax. Moreover, December 2010 Russia and Kazakhstan agreed not to change this regime till 2015. Hence, it is more profitable for Kazakhstan to export own oil and to import that produced in Russia. Resulting from this, as well as taking into account technical condition of domestic refineries, it seems to be unreal that any effective modernization of its oil refineries will be carried out in Kazakhstan within the nearest future. Investment amounts required for the modernization, including those stipulated in programs, three times less than actual amounts. Fuel deficiency is more preferable for government officials than abundance. Lack of modernization means that increased volumes of petrol will be imported nearest years.

Main aspects that determine conditions of transportation industry effective management and decrease of transportation expenses are discussed. Theoretical concepts making it possible to solve the problem of scientific management of the whole country’s goods transportation costs are provided for. Main approaches are presented to the solution of motor transport operation ecological optimization problem as well as to the rise of motor transport workers’ labor productivity, to the increase of transportation vehicles use efficiency and to determine functional capacity of the motor transport complex.

Russian stock market has not yet become integral part of the country economics. It is characteristic with restricted number of participants, insufficient capacity and depth. Fundamental stock market development tasks are: protection of finance service market consumers and participants; solution of insiders’ information problems; creation of a mechanism capable of providing for efficient implementation of legal norms; creation of a juridical system capable of solving economic disputes. The investment innovation problem demands that the set of Russian export products be considerably enlarged and production base of all industries, those traditional included, be reorganized at the state level.

Russian economy modernization strategic aims can be attained only on the basis of normally functioning machine-building, metallurgic and energetic industries. However, basic heavy machines used in enterprises of these industries at present are under operation for 30 to 40 years and got worn up to 65–85%. Rehabilitation of these machines is to be carried out on the basis of thorough diagnostics and innovative projects that would make it possible to preserve the machines’ basic heavy components making up to 80% of their weight and cost and to update or replace active components (drive, control, mechanization, etc.). Since most of these enterprises are currently private-owned, certain organizational and legal actions are needed.

Owing to tough state environmental management requirements and ecological regulations, oil and gas multinational corporations (MNC) make more and more attempts to mitigate negative environmental impacts resulting from their industrial activities, their competitiveness being
strengthened therewith. The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is associated with less environmental impact in comparison with oil and coal, particularly so far as the hotbed effect is concerned. In the field of innovative technological development, Russian MNC drag so far well behind most advanced western corporations who provide for less negative impact of their production activities upon environment.

Higher school innovative development state programs and projects are created and start functioning in Russia. The «Education» priority national project is of special importance. Support of minor innovative entrepreneurship in higher schools and its interaction with production enterprises makes an essential part of this activity. The recently approved National Research University Concept is of great importance too. Measures are being taken on information support to these programs and projects as well as on improvement of legislation basis related to research, development, technical and innovative activities of higher schools. The Nizhny Novgorod State University experience is a good example of implementation of the state support to minor innovative business.

Minor enterprises do not have resources sufficient for investment. Present experience of venture financing and attraction of funds from finance markets is poor in Russia. Main minor entrepreneurship financing sources are state allocations in the form of subsidies, subventions
and donations. This support promotes economics diversification and increases jobs. The state becomes client of innovations and provides for business environment favorable for minor entrepreneurship and for subsequent diffusion of innovations. One of most efficient innovation
activity stimulation methods (applied to minor enterprises as well) is provision for tax privileges, favorable state bank credits and preferences to innovation activity supporting commercial banks.

Economic safety of the Republic of Kazakhstan essentially depends on how the Republic’s transit potential is used and how internal demands in energy resources are met. There are many legal, investment, technological and other challenges with respect to these aspects. Main ways to solve
the problems are: to form potential transit development legislation conforming to respective international standards; to take specific transport infrastructure modernization measures; to simplify railway and road transport state border crossing procedures; to develop service facilities
along interstate trunk roads; to improve competitiveness of domestic oil-processing enterprises; to further develop integrative cooperation with
Russia in the oil processing field.

General world public health system reorganization trend is its state financing and regulation plus state guarantees for everybody to get free medical aid with focus to preventive treatment. As per World Health Organization, it is the Primary Medical and Sanitary Aid (PMSA) that should be intensively introduced to every country’s health system, since it provides real possibilities to make this system more accessible for everybody and more just. Heath system and PMSA reorganization approaches practiced in many countries are described and assessed. Proceeding from the aim of preserving and strengthening the nation’s health, it is unpromising to reorganize Health System in Russia on the basis of paid medical services and total voluntary medical insurance, since paying capacity of most of its population is low. Effectiveness of the primary medical aid may be increased through creation of infrastructure of so-called General Doctors Practices on the basis of existing network of policlinics. The potential of this network is sufficient for PMSA structural reorganization, but its internal organizational system should be optimized.

Enterprise restructuring is aimed at adapting it to market conditions and improving its competitiveness through selection of most effective model of using material, technical, technological, organizational, commercial, economical, financial, tax-related and other resources with due account of the demand. Restructuring classification signs and types as well as restructuring aims specific for industrial enterprises are provided for.

The state, municipality, population and entrepreneurship interrelation mechanism is far from being perfect in Russian housing and communal services industry. The problem may be solved provided interests of all the above participants of the industry are balanced. Most reasonable is to provide for parallel functioning of the market and governmental and municipal bodies, all of them acting in accordance with respective legal norms. More power should be given to municipalities who are non-governmental local public self-management bodies formed to provide for proper living conditions to
population within certain territory by asserting priority interests common for this population. Negative consequences of the monopoly status of suppliers and providers of communal services should be eradicated. Transition from the monopolistic and closed communal services market to that open and competitive should become general strategy of Russian housing and communal services industry development.

The term out-sourcing signifies signing an agreement with some external organization on performing certain management functions (accounting, communication, computer networks, etc.). Out-sourcing is an important instrument of company restructuring by improving its management system. Main methodological approaches to make decision on out-sourcing on the basis of simulation are discussed. Strategic substantiation of out-sourcing projects is proposed to be carried out on the basis of strategic positioning method developed by M. Porter.

Innovative companies, venture companies included, serve as locomotives of the growth of national economics. However, they are formed and operate under conditions of uncertain external and internal environment; therefore, certain strategic issues of their development can not be
addressed proceeding from traditional methods based on cash-flow discounting models. Best venture innovative company development strategy may be worked on the basis of the strategic capabilities method in conjunction with the theory of games and the real options approach. This is an incessant innovation method that unites approaches based on external and internal environment factors.

While elaborating business organization development strategies, the organization’s achievements are distinguished as main future activity success factors and as basis for competitive advantages. Progressive development is defined as identification and use of existing capacities. Simultaneously, the business organization’s potential and the need and opportunity to improve its management system are examined and used as means of increasing the efficiency of the organization itself and the economy on the whole.

In order to address the problem of safety in the North Caucasian region, suppression of underground gangs’ subversive and terroristic activities have been continuously undertaken for quite a long time within the frames of the military force strategy. Since interrelation of these gangs with common criminal and corruption groups and individuals were not taken into account, the suppression has not proved to be effective. Data cited in the article demonstrate a high level of criminality in this region. Inefficiency is also characteristic for means and ways used by law enforcement bodies in their struggle with organized criminality and corruption obviously resulting in negative influence on the whole system of counteractions with respect of terrorism. There is another essential problem specific in particular to the North Caucasian region, the problem of clans reigning in state, power and other bodies. Solution of tasks put force by the Russian Federation President will make it possible to considerably improve the existing terrorism counteraction policy in the North Caucasian region of Russia.

The issue of forming integral risk management programs is vital for industrial enterprises. A new option of solving the task is discussed. Industrial enterprise risk management general structure is proposed for the whole integrity of risks, detailed description of the procedure of forming this
program being provided for. Subprograms of the management of current and positioned risks as well as of enterprise project risks are described in the article along with the succession of operations needed.

In their activity, minor and medium enterprises come across various problems. Clusters provide best conditions for such enterprises to operate. Among main Russian clusters’ management problems there are: multistage management system; absence of a single and transparent accounting and budgeting system; vague distribution of responsibilities between the managing company and business units; inadequate horizontal links between business units; management process inadequate decentralization. Typical group problems’ causes are examined, solution ways and means are proposed.

It is impossible to develop and improve market relations in Russia without thorough study and practical application of world best experiences in the field of accounting and accounting (financial) statements. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has been worked at for a long
time and today they reflex the practice of foreign national accounting systems. It is high time for the Russian Federation to introduce IFRS in the national financial and management accounting system, so that Russian accounting standards get adapted to those international. It will help
companies to make statements that reflect actual situation in the enterprise, to take better-founded management decisions and, consequently, improve business management efficiency.

Investment decisions are taken in entrepreneur structures of foreign countries proceeding from specific sets of indices, investment implementation expected economic efficiency, risk degree and environmental impact being main parameters. Investment decision-making systems are different
in different countries as well as directions of finding most efficient investment projects and investment strategic management tools to optimize the investments and the risks. Investment project efficiency indices used by most of foreign entrepreneurship organizations and project ranging
criteria are discussed in detail.