<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mir</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">МИР (Модернизация. Инновации. Развитие)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-4665</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-796X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>School of Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18184/2079-4665.2017.8.1.105-114</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mir-725</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИННОВАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INNOVATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инструменты государственной инновационной политики в фармацевтической отрасли США и ЕС</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Innovation Policy in the Pharmaceutical Industry: the Cases of the EU and USA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедьяров</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedyarov</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, младший научный сотрудник сектора инновационной политики, Национальный исследователь- ский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е. М. Примакова Российской академии наук (117997, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, д. 23)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997), Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mamedyarov@imemo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е. М. Примакова&#13;
Российской академии наук» (ИМЭМО РАН), г. Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO RAN),  Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1(29)</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>114</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мамедьяров З.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мамедьяров З.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mamedyarov Z.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mir-nayka.com/jour/article/view/725">https://www.mir-nayka.com/jour/article/view/725</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Основной целью статьи стало изучение современных инструментов государственной инновационной политики в глобальной фармацевтической отрасли (на примере США и ЕС) – одной из самых наукоемких отраслей мировой экономики. Для этого необходимо было решить следующие задачи: выделить основные составляющие инновационной политики в отрасли, рассмотреть роль защиты интеллектуальной собственности, мер поддержки инновационной деятельности, регуляторного контроля и других факторов, а также выявить сравнительные характеристики инновационных процессов в фармацевтической отрасли США и ЕС. Методология проведения работы: Статья основывается на качественном сравнительном исследовании основных составляющих инновационной политики в фармацевтической отрасли США и ЕС. Проведены количественный анализ объемов частного и государственного финансирования инновационных разработок в отрасли, оценка эффективности инновационной деятельности, а также сравнительное изучение темпов патентования в странах-лидерах отрасли. Особое внимание уделяется анализу проблем охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Результаты работы: Фармацевтическая отрасль сегодня является объектом исключительного контроля государственных регуляторов и общественных организаций, стремящихся улучшить механизмы распределения лекарственных средств, сделать их более доступными, безопасными и совершенными. Высокий уровень контроля сдерживает развитие инноваций и в рамках существующих бизнес-моделей приводит к завышению цен на новейшие лекарства. В результате исследования выявлено, что успешная фармацевтическая инновация сегодня требует значительных расходов, которые несут, в основном, крупнейшие компании-производители, и для обеспечения финансовой стабильности завышают стоимость инновационных препаратов. Темпы патентования выявили возрастающую роль развивающихся стран, которые тем не менее пока слабо вовлечены в отраслевые инновационные процессы. Сравнение инновационной политики США и ЕС показало недостаточное развитие венчурного рынка в ЕС и высокий уровень государственного регулирования, что проявляется в механизмах ценообразования. Ряд объективных факторов, среди которых выделяются усиление регуляторного контроля, завершение сроков действия патентов популярных лекарств, возрастающая роль дженериков, ведет к сдвигам в моделях деятельности компаний. Выводы: Компании отрасли проходят через интенсивный период слияний и поглощений, ищут новые пути развития инноваций и расширения рынков сбыта продукции. Правительства развитых стран способствуют развитию партнерств и коллабораций, надеясь подстегнуть создание новых рабочих мест и компетенций. Фармацевтические компании активно сотрудничают с региональными исследовательскими институтами, университетами и больницами для проведения клинических испытаний. Несмотря на высокую активность, участникам рынка и государственным регуляторам еще предстоит прийти к пониманию новых механизмов стимулирования инноваций с учетом развития биотехнологий, дженериков и необходимости пересмотра моделей деятельности крупнейших фармацевтических компаний.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: the main purpose of this article was to study the modern tools of the public innovation policy in the global pharmaceutical industry (US and EU cases), which is one of the most knowledge-intensive sectors of the global economy. During the study, it was necessary to achieve the following objectives: to identify main components of the innovation policy in the sector, to consider the role of intellectual property protection, measures of innovation support, regulatory control and other factors, and, also, to identify comparative characteristics of innovation processes within the US and the EU pharmaceutical sector. Methods: this article is based on a qualitative comparative study of the US and EU innovation policy in the pharmaceutical industry. Industryoriented innovation support measures (i.e. levels of private and public financing) have been quantitatively analyzed, including the evaluation of the levels of R&amp;D productivity; also, a comparative study of the pharma patent statistics in the leading countries have been performed. This article highlights the problems of intellectual property protection, which remains an important source of financial stability for major pharma companies being the basis for new innovation agenda. Low R&amp;D productivity and high costs of new innovative drugs together emphasize the significance of the analysis of current innovation processes within the pharmaceutical industry, and could open the way for building more effective managerial and business processes. Results: the global pharmaceutical industry today is under thorough control of government regulators and civil society organizations seeking to improve mechanisms of the drugs distribution, in order to make drugs more accessible, safe and clean. This high regulation level impedes innovation within existing pharma business models, and leads to high costs of the newest drugs. The study revealed that successful pharmaceutical innovation today requires significant expenses on the largest companies’ side. The patent statistics revealed the increasing role of developing countries, which are nevertheless still poorly involved in the pharma innovation processes. Comparison of the US and the EU innovation policies showed underdeveloped venture capital market of the EU and relatively high level of government regulation. Conclusions and Relevance: companies go through an intense period of mergers and acquisitions, and are looking for new ways of performing R&amp;D and the expansion of product markets. Public sector of the developed countries contributes to the development of new partnerships and collaborations, hoping to spur the creation of new jobs and competencies. Pharmaceutical companies are actively collaborating with regional research institutes, universities and hospitals. Despite this high level of activity, key actors and government regulators have yet to come to an understanding of new mechanisms to stimulate innovation, taking into account the development of biotechnology, generic drugs and the growing need to revise current business models of the largest pharmaceutical companies.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инновационная политика</kwd><kwd>фармацевтическая отрасль</kwd><kwd>патентование</kwd><kwd>эффективность НИОКР</kwd><kwd>фармацевтические НИОКР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmaceutical industry</kwd><kwd>public policy</kwd><kwd>pharma R&amp;D</kwd><kwd>regulation of pharma</kwd><kwd>innovation policy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding M., Eliashberg J., Stremersch S., editors. Innovation and Marketing in the Pharmaceutical Industry. International Series in Quantitative Marketing. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7801-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding M., Eliashberg J., Stremersch S., editors. Innovation and Marketing in the Pharmaceutical Industry. International Series in Quantitative Marketing. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7801-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makov A.Y. Realizatsiya kontseptsii otkrytykh innovatsii kak istochnik konkurentnykh preimushchestv farmatsevticheskikh kompanii [Realisation of open innovations’ conception as source of competitive positions of pharmaceutical companies]. Innovatsii = Innovations. 2011; 3: 85–88. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makov A.Y. Realizatsiya kontseptsii otkrytykh innovatsii kak istochnik konkurentnykh preimushchestv farmatsevticheskikh kompanii [Realisation of open innovations’ conception as source of competitive positions of pharmaceutical companies]. Innovatsii = Innovations. 2011; 3: 85–88. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maksimova L.V. Mezhdunarodnyi opyt gosudarstvennogo stimulirovaniya innovatsii v farmatsevticheskoi i meditsinskoi otraslyakh promyshlennosti [International experience of state stimulation of innovations in pharmaceutical and medical industry]. Meditsinskie tekhnologii. Otsenka i vybor = Medical technologies. Evaluation and choice. 2011; 1: 83–90. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimova L.V. Mezhdunarodnyi opyt gosudarstvennogo stimulirovaniya innovatsii v farmatsevticheskoi i meditsinskoi otraslyakh promyshlennosti [International experience of state stimulation of innovations in pharmaceutical and medical industry]. Meditsinskie tekhnologii. Otsenka i vybor = Medical technologies. Evaluation and choice. 2011; 1: 83–90. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrov A.M. Innovatsionnoe razvitie kompanii farmatsevticheskoi otrasli [Innovation development of pharmaceutical company]. Rossiiskii vneshneekonomicheskii vestnik = Russian foreign economy newsletter. 2016; Vol. 2016 (10): 125–131. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrov A.M. Innovatsionnoe razvitie kompanii farmatsevticheskoi otrasli [Innovation development of pharmaceutical company]. Rossiiskii vneshneekonomicheskii vestnik = Russian foreign economy newsletter. 2016; Vol. 2016 (10): 125–131. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otraslevye instrumenty innovacionnoj politiki / Otv. red. – akad. N.I. Ivanova [Sectoral innovation policy instruments, N.I. Ivanova, ed.] M.: IMEMO RAN, 2016. 161 с. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.20542/978-5-9535-0478-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otraslevye instrumenty innovacionnoj politiki / Otv. red. – akad. N.I. Ivanova [Sectoral innovation policy instruments, N.I. Ivanova, ed.] M.: IMEMO RAN, 2016. 161 с. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.20542/978-5-9535-0478-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiu L., Chen Z.-Y., Lu D.-Y., Hu H., Wang Y.-T. Public funding and private investment for R&amp;D: a survey in China’s pharmaceutical industry. Health Research Policy and Systems. 2014;12(1):27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-12-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiu L., Chen Z.-Y., Lu D.-Y., Hu H., Wang Y.-T. Public funding and private investment for R&amp;D: a survey in China’s pharmaceutical industry. Health Research Policy and Systems. 2014;12(1):27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-12-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cockburn I.M. Is the Pharmaceutical Industry in a Productivity Crisis? Innovation Policy and the Economy. 2006; 7:3. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1086/ipe.7.25056188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cockburn I.M. Is the Pharmaceutical Industry in a Productivity Crisis? Innovation Policy and the Economy. 2006; 7:3. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1086/ipe.7.25056188</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scannell J.W., Blanckley A., Boldon H., Warrington B. Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&amp;D efficiency. Nature Reviews Drug discovery. 2012; 11(3):193. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/nrd3681</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scannell J.W., Blanckley A., Boldon H., Warrington B. Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&amp;D efficiency. Nature Reviews Drug discovery. 2012; 11(3):193. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/nrd3681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von der Schulenburg F., Vandoros S., Kanavos P. The effects of drug market regulation on pharmaceutical prices in Europe: overview and evidence from the market of ACE inhibitors. Health Economics Review. 2011; 1(1):1. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1186/2191-1991-1-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von der Schulenburg F., Vandoros S., Kanavos P. The effects of drug market regulation on pharmaceutical prices in Europe: overview and evidence from the market of ACE inhibitors. Health Economics Review. 2011; 1(1):1. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1186/2191-1991-1-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eger S., Mahlich J.C. Pharmaceutical regulation in Europe and its impact on corporate R&amp;D. Health Economics Review. 2014; 4(1):1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13561-014-0023-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eger S., Mahlich J.C. Pharmaceutical regulation in Europe and its impact on corporate R&amp;D. Health Economics Review. 2014; 4(1):1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13561-014-0023-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alex A., C. John Harris, Dennis A. Smith. Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward. 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118819586</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alex A., C. John Harris, Dennis A. Smith. Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward. 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118819586</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bykovskaya E.V., Skobeeva A.O. Kontseptsiya tsifrovykh tekhnologii dlya otkrytykh innovatsii v farmatsevticheskoi industrii [Conception of digital technologies for open innovations in pharmaceutical industry]. Uspekhi sovremennoi nauki i obrazovaniya = Progress of contemporary science and study. 2016; 3(5):21–25. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykovskaya E.V., Skobeeva A.O. Kontseptsiya tsifrovykh tekhnologii dlya otkrytykh innovatsii v farmatsevticheskoi industrii [Conception of digital technologies for open innovations in pharmaceutical industry]. Uspekhi sovremennoi nauki i obrazovaniya = Progress of contemporary science and study. 2016; 3(5):21–25. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaguturu R. Collaborative Innovation in Drug Discovery: Strategies for Public and Private Partnerships. 2014. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/9781118778166</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaguturu R. Collaborative Innovation in Drug Discovery: Strategies for Public and Private Partnerships. 2014. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/9781118778166</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Da Fonseca E.M. The Politics of Pharmaceutical Policy Reform: A Study of Generic Drug Regulation in Brazil. 2014; 26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Da Fonseca E.M. The Politics of Pharmaceutical Policy Reform: A Study of Generic Drug Regulation in Brazil. 2014; 26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dachs B., Stehrer R., Zahradnik G. The internationalisation of business R&amp;D. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ radm.12084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dachs B., Stehrer R., Zahradnik G. The internationalisation of business R&amp;D. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ radm.12084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gassmann O., Reepmeyer G., Von Zedtwitz M. Leading pharmaceutical innovation: trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/978-3-540-77636-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gassmann O., Reepmeyer G., Von Zedtwitz M. Leading pharmaceutical innovation: trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/978-3-540-77636-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanova N.I. Innovatsionnaya politika: teoriya i praktika [Innovation policy: theory and practice]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye ontosheniya = World economy and foreign affairs. 2016; 60(1):5–16. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova N.I. Innovatsionnaya politika: teoriya i praktika [Innovation policy: theory and practice]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye ontosheniya = World economy and foreign affairs. 2016; 60(1):5–16. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanavos P. et al. Differences in costs of and access to pharmaceutical products in the EU. 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanavos P. et al. Differences in costs of and access to pharmaceutical products in the EU. 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuglin F.A. Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Drug Quality and Security Act. 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18697-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuglin F.A. Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Drug Quality and Security Act. 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18697-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LaMattina J.L. Devalued and Distrusted: Can the Pharmaceutical Industry Restore its Broken Image? 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201300279</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LaMattina J.L. Devalued and Distrusted: Can the Pharmaceutical Industry Restore its Broken Image? 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201300279</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scherer F.M. Pharmaceutical innovation. Handbook of the Economics of Innovation. 2010; 1:539–574. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/s0169-7218(10)01012-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scherer F.M. Pharmaceutical innovation. Handbook of the Economics of Innovation. 2010; 1:539–574. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/s0169-7218(10)01012-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
