mirМИР (Модернизация. Инновации. Развитие)MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research)2079-46652411-796XSchool of Public Administration10.18184/2079-4665.2022.13.3.459-475mir-1321Research ArticleИННОВАЦИИINNOVATIONПотенциал интернационализации блокчейн-технологий КНР: экономические и технологические аспектыСhina blockchain internationalization opportunities: economic and technological sideshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-9989НикитинА. В.NikitinA. V.

Никитин Андрей Владимирович, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник, Сектор экономики науки и инноваций, Отдел науки и инноваций

117418, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, д. 23

Аndrey V. Nikitin, Applicant, Senior Research Assistant

23, Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, 117418

AnNikitin@imemo.ruНациональный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е. М. Примакова РАНРоссияPrimakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202209102022133459475Copyright © Никитин А.В., 20222022Никитин А.В.Nikitin A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.mir-nayka.com/jour/article/view/1321

Цель статьи – изучение и анализ стремительного развития и практического применения блокчейна в национальной экономике КНР, чья политика в направлении «насаждения» технологии в сфере промышленности и торговли может стать определяющей во взаимодействии со странами-партнерами.Метод или методология проведения работы. В основу исследования легли комплексный и системный анализ стратегии развития технологии блокчейна в Китае, а также анализ промежуточных результатов поэтапного внедрения технологии в национальную экономику страны.Результаты работы. В рамках проведения мероприятий по интенсивному развитию «цифровой экономики» и укреплению лидирующих позиций страны в мировой экономике правительство Китая нацелено на широкомасштабное внедрение блокчейн-решений в экономику страны. Посредством интернационализации национальных блокчейн-технологий, включая цифровой юань, во взаимодействии со странами-партнерами и торговыми объединениями демонстрируется уверенное стремление КНР принимать непосредственное участие в установлении стандартов и правил в отношении блокчейн-технологий в сферах финансов и мировой торговли.Выводы. Укрепление национальной экономики КНР, ее устойчивость и способность к быстрому восстановлению, усиление позиций в мировой торговле предопределяют становление экономического лидерства страны на региональном и глобальном уровнях. В то же время, интенсивное развитие блокчейн-технологий в Китае, их активное внедрение в национальную экономику и поддержка со стороны правительства страны определяют укрепление лидирующих позиций в технологической сфере. При этом для ускорения интернационализации блокчейн-решений правительство Китая, с одной стороны, опирается на инновационность и исключительность предлагаемых технологий, с другой, принимает меры на политическом и дипломатическом уровнях.

Purpose: is to study and analyze the rapid development of the practical application of the blockchain in the economy of the PRC. The Chinese government keeps pursuing a policy of intensive introduction of the technology in manufacturing and trade, what could become a determining factor in interaction with partner countries.Methods: the paper is based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the strategy for the development of blockchain technology in China, as well as an analysis of the intermediate results of the phased introduction of technology into the national economy of the country.Results: the Chinese government is aimed at large-scale implementation of blockchain solutions in the country's economy as part of the measures to intensively develop the «digital economy» and strengthen their leading position in the global economy. China demonstrates its strong intention to participate at first-hand in setting standards and rules for blockchain technologies in the field of finance and international trade through the internationalization of national blockchain technologies, including the digital yuan, in cooperation with partner countries and trade associations.Сonclusions and Relevance: the formation of China's economic regional and global is due to the strengthening of the national economy, its resilience and ability to recover quickly, and intensification its position in world trade. At the same time, the intensive development of blockchain technologies in China, pushing the technology into the national economy and state support determine the strengthening of leading positions in the technological field. To accelerate the internationalization of its blockchain solutions, the Chinese government, on the one hand, relies on the proposed solutions innovativeness and exclusivity, on the other hand, takes measures at the political and diplomatic levels to foster it.

Китайторговляблокчейнтехнологии распределенного реестраинформационно-коммуникационные технологииторговлямеждународная торговляцифровая экономикаChinatradeblockchaindistributed ledger technologiesinformation and communication technologiestradeinternational tradedigital economyReferencesКандалинцев В.Г. Блокчейн: глобальные тренды и применение в странах востока // Восточная аналитика. 2021. № 1. С. 67–82. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/mdjynd. https://doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2021-01-067-082Kandalintsev V.G. Blockchain: global trends and applications in eastern countries. Eastern analytics. 2021; (1):67– 82. https://doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2021-01-067-082 (In Russ.)Локшин Г.М. Сотрудничество АСЕАН – Китай: ключ к миру в ЮВА // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2020. Т. 64. № 6. С. 142–150. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jyilce. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-22272020-64-6-142-150Lokshin G.М. ASEAN – China Cooperation: the Кey to Рeace in South-East Asia. World Economy and International Relations. 2020; 64(6):142–150. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-6-142-150 (In Russ.)Данилин И.В. Развитие цифровой экономики США и КНР: факторы и тенденции // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2019. Т. 12. № 6. С. 246–267. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jrycdw. https:// doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-6-12Danilin I.V. Development of the Digital Economy in the USA and China: Factors and Trends. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. 2019; 12(6):246–267. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-6-12 (In Russ.)Гемуева Е.А. Экспорт Китая в страны Африки: связь с энергетическими проектами // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2021. Т. 14. № 2. С. 145–163. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/nrrbjr. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-2-8Gemueva E.A. Chinese Export to the African Countries: Links with Chinese Energy Projects. Outlines of global transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. 2021; 14(2):145–163. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-2-8 (In Russ.)Sisi T., Yanqiang Z., Zhiguang S., Wei W., Yaqi Z. image // image 2020. Vol. 4. P. 70–80. https://doi.org/10.16582/j.cnki.dzzw.2020.04.007Sisi T., Yanqiang Z., Zhiguang S., Wei W., Yaqi Z. image . image 2020; 4:70–80. https://doi.org/10.16582/j.cnki.dzzw.2020.04.007 (In Chi.)Qin B., Qi S. Digital transformation of urban governance in China: The emergence and evolution of smart cities // Digital Law Journal. 2021. Т. 2. № 1. С. 29–47. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/cbmhzu. https://doi.org/10.38044/26869136-2021-2-1-29-47Qin B., Qi S. Digital transformation of urban governance in China: The emergence and evolution of smart cities. Digital Law Journal. 2021; 2(1):29–47. https://doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2021-2-1-29-47 (In Eng.)Cheng P. Decoding the rise of Central Bank Digital Currency in China: designs, problems, and prospects // Journal of Banking Regulation. 2022. Vol. 1. P. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41261-022-00193-5Cheng P. Decoding the rise of Central Bank Digital Currency in China: designs, problems, and prospects. Journal of Banking Regulation. 2022; 1:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41261-022-00193-5 (In Eng.)Jiang T., Song J., Yu Y. The influencing factors of carbon trading companies applying blockchain technology: evidence from eight carbon trading pilots in China. // Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022. Vol. 29. P. 28624–28636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18425-yJiang T., Song J., Yu Y. The influencing factors of carbon trading companies applying blockchain technology: evidence from eight carbon trading pilots in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022; 29:28624– 28636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18425-y (In Eng.)Qi W. Economic Recovery from COVID-19: Experience from the People’s Republic of China // ADB Briefs. Asian Development Bank. 2021. Vol. 194. P. 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF210397-2Qi W. Economic Recovery from COVID-19: Experience from the People’s Republic of China. ADB Briefs. Asian Development Bank. 2021; 194:1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF210397-2 (In Eng.)Wang Z., Wei S., Yu X., Zhu K. Measures of Participation in Global Value Chains and Global Business Cycles // NBER Working Paper. 2017. No 23222. URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23222/w23222.pdfWang Z.,Wei S., Yu X., Zhu K. Measures of Participation in Global Value Chains and Global Business Cycles. NBER Working Paper. 2017. 23222. URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23222/w23222. pdf (In Eng.)Nandi S., Sarkis J., Hervani A.A., Helms M.M. Redesigning Supply Chains using Blockchain-Enabled Circular Economy and COVID-19 Experiences // Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021. Vol. 27. P. 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.019Nandi S., Sarkis J., Hervani A.A., Helms M.M. Redesigning Supply Chains using Blockchain-Enabled Circular Economy and COVID-19 Experiences. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021; 27:10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.019 (In Eng.)Khan S.N., Loukil F., Ghedira-Guegan C., Benkhelifa E., Bani-Hani A. Blockchain smart contracts: Applications, challenges, and future trends // Nature Public Health Emergency Collection. 2021. Vol. 14. Iss. 5. P. 2901–2925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01127-0Khan S.N., Loukil F., Ghedira-Guegan C., Benkhelifa E., Bani-Hani A. Blockchain smart contracts: Applications, challenges, and future trends. Nature Public Health Emergency Collection. 2021; 14(5):2901–2925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01127-0 (In Eng.)Rana S.K., Kim H.-C., Pani S.K., Rana S.K., Joo M.-I., Rana A.K., Aich S. Blockchain-based model to improve the performance of the next-generation digital supply chain // Sustainability. 2021. Vol. 13. Iss. 18. P. 10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810008Rana S.K., Kim H.-C., Pani S.K., Rana S.K., Joo M.-I., Rana A.K., Aich S. Blockchain-based model to improve the performance of the next-generation digital supply chain. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810008 (In Eng.)Ekman A. China’s blockchain and cryptocurrency ambitions // BRIEF. European Union Institute for Security Studies. 2021. Vol. 15. P. 1–8. URL: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_15_2021.pdf (дата обращения: 30.08.2022)Ekman A. China’s blockchain and cryptocurrency ambitions. BRIEF. European Union Institute for Security Studies. 2021; 15:1–8. URL: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_15_2021.pdf (accessed 30 August 2022) (In Eng.)Sigley G., Powell W. Governing the Digital Economy: An Exploration of Blockchains with Chinese Characteristics // Journal of Contemporary Asia. 2021. Vol. 2. P. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2022.2093774Sigley G., Powell W. Governing the Digital Economy: An Exploration of Blockchains with Chinese Characteristics. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 2021; 2:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2022.2093774 (In Eng.)Liu X. Structural changes and economic growth in China over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up // China Political Economy. 2020. Vol. 3. Iss. 1. P. 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/CPE-05-2020-0010Liu X. Structural changes and economic growth in China over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up. China Political Economy. 2020; 3(1):19–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/CPE-05-2020-0010 (In Eng.)Zhao L. China’s «Economic Miracle» and the Universal Modernization Model // Modern China. 2022. Vol. 48. Iss. 1. P. 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004211054845Zhao L. China’s «Economic Miracle» and the Universal Modernization Model. Modern China. 2022; 48(1):53–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/00977004211054845 (In Eng.)Arriola C., Guilloux-Nefussi S., Koh S.-H., Kowalski P., Rusticelli E., Van Tongeren F. Efficiency and risks in global value chains in the context of COVID-19 // OECD Economics Department Working Papers. 2020. No 1637. https://doi.org/10.1787/3e4b7ecf-enArriola C., Guilloux-Nefussi S., Koh S.-H., Kowalski P., Rusticelli E., Van Tongeren F. Efficiency and risks in global value chains in the context of COVID-19. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. 2020; 1637. https://doi.org/10.1787/3e4b7ecf-en (In Eng.)Arriola C., Kowalski P., Van Tongeren F. Understanding structural effects of COVID-19 on the global economy // OECD Trade Policy Papers. 2022. No 261. https://doi.org/10.1787/f6a9ef88-enArriola C., Kowalski P., Van Tongeren F. Understanding structural effects of COVID-19 on the global economy. OECD Trade Policy Papers. 2022; 261. https://doi.org/10.1787/f6a9ef88-en (In Eng.)Arriola C., Kowalski P., Van Tongeren F. The impact of COVID-19 on directions and structure of international trade // OECD Trade Policy Papers. 2022. No 252. https://doi.org/10.1787/0b8eaafe-enArriola C., Kowalski P., Van Tongeren F. The impact of COVID-19 on directions and structure of international trade. OECD Trade Policy Papers. 2022; 252. https://doi.org/10.1787/0b8eaafe-en (In Eng.)Jiang D., Wang X., Zhao R. Analysis on the economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 era: evidence from China // Frontiers in Public Health. Sec. Health Economics. 2022. Vol. 9. P. 787190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.787190Jiang D., Wang X., Zhao R. Analysis on the economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 era: evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health. Economics. 2022; (9):787190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.787190 (In Eng.)Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2022. An OECD Scoreboard. OECD Publishing, Paris; 2022. 274 c. https:// doi.org/10.1787/e9073a0f-enFinancing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2022. An OECD Scoreboard. OECD Publishing, Paris; 2022. 274 p. https:// doi.org/10.1787/e9073a0f-en (In Eng.)Su F., Khan Z., Lew Y.K., Park B., Choksy U.S. Internationalization of Chinese SMEs: The role of networks and global value chains // BRQ Business Research Quarterly. 2020. Vol. 23. Iss. 2. P. 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/2340944420916339Su F., Khan Z., Lew Y.K., Park B., Choksy U.S. Internationalization of Chinese SMEs: The role of networks and global value chains. BRQ Business Research Quarterly. 2020; 23(2):141–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/2340944420916339 (In Eng.)Su W., Guo X., Ling Y., Fan Y.-H. China's SMEs Developed Characteristics and Countermeasures in the Postepidemic Era // Frontiers in psychology. 2022. Vol. 13. P. 842646. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842646Su W., Guo X., Ling Y., Fan Y.-H. China's SMEs Developed Characteristics and Countermeasures in the Post- epidemic Era. Frontiers in psychology. 2022; (1):842646. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842646 (In Eng.)Минь Л., Хунмэй Ч. Влияние Китая на азиатскую экономику в рамках ВРЭП // Финансовая экономика. 2022. № 1. С. 120–123. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jtbuweMin L., Hongmei Ch. Impact of China on the Asian economy within of the RCEP. Financial Economics. 2022; (1):120–123 (In Russ.)image // image 2019. Vol. 38. Iss. 6. P. 36–42. https://doi.org/10.19642/j.issn.1672-8505.2019.06.005image image 2019; 38(6):36–42. https://doi.org/10.19642/j.issn.1672-8505.2019.06.005 (In Chi.)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.